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from Mises blog: [Archived comments below]

Tom Woods spoke last night at the UConn School of Business, opposite Tom McInerney, ING Chairman & CEO Insurance Americas (which received $3 billion euros in bailout money from the Dutch government). The topic was “Too Big to Fail?: Perspectives on Government Intervention During Economic Collapse.” Reports from audience members overwhelmingly agree that Woods absolutely wiped the floor with McInerney. Woods, of course, was well prepared and presented a coherent economic case for his position, and was entertaining to boot. McInerney, by contrast, ate up some of his time on personal anecdotes about the school, like a typical Dale Carnegie back-slapping schmoozer, before getting to a dry and boring Powerpoint obviously prepared by some lackey. McInerney reportedly played lip service to the idea that no company should be bailed out–but, of course, “this was a special circumstance.”

The extent to which he was outmatched, though, was revealed in this almost embarrassingly funny episode. McInerney had mentioned that Bernanke was a diligent and knowledgeable student of the Great Depression. So, when it came time for the Q&A, one audience member asked Woods to briefly explain the Austrian view of Great Depression and how it might differ from Bernanke’s view. After Woods did this, McIerney took the stage, and as if he were about to unload a devastating blow against Woods, said to him, “this might seem like a bit of an attack. Don’t take it too personally.” And then…. he began to rant about … the relatively small size of the country of Austria. I kid you not.

Some audience members began to laugh; others cringed, as McInerney dug his hole deeper while under the illusion that he was unleashing a deadly zinger. Woods kept trying to stage whisper that Austria had nothing to do with the school of Austrian economics, but McInerney, undeterred, plowed on. Thus, when Woods took the stage he said, “this might seem like an attack, but don’t take it too personally…” And then Woods commented that we may as well say we shouldn’t listen to Milton Friedman, since the GDP of Chicago is pretty low.

[Mises cross-post]

Archived comments (set 2 below too):

Comments (70)

  • Robert Brager

    Dear Lord.

    Published: October 22, 2009 12:07 AM

  • Pierre

    The emperor has no clothes…

    We need a video asap because this the funniest anecdote I have ever heard.

    Published: October 22, 2009 12:16 AM

  • PMix

    There probably are a number of people in the library’s quiet study room that are not very happy with me after I just laughed at this story.

    Published: October 22, 2009 12:19 AM

  • mhamlin

    We need a video of this thing.

    Published: October 22, 2009 12:22 AM

  • Anthony J

    Agree..We need a video ASAP. HA!

    Published: October 22, 2009 12:26 AM

  • EotS

    That’s just ugly. Epic ugly. And yes, someone, video please! I’ve got to see the sarcasm in Tom’s Friedman / Chicago remark.

    Published: October 22, 2009 12:49 AM

  • Nuke Gray

    Did he also promise to throw a shrimp onto the barbie? And throw a boomerang? What does he have against Paul Hogan, and Nicole Kidman? and that other Australian, Arnie, the one who rules Kalifornia?

    Published: October 22, 2009 12:52 AM

  • Joel Pettit

    I was there. That was exactly how it happened. Tom’s retort was cool and calculated. I was laughing like a hyena in heat when McIerney made the gaff and my wife kept elbowing me in the side–trying to get me to shut-up.

    Published: October 22, 2009 12:59 AM

  • iamse7en

    This is comedy gold.

    I feel bad for McIerney just in hearing this episode.

    Please, video. Please.

    I smell a YouTube phenomenon.

    Published: October 22, 2009 1:13 AM

  • Niko

    God, I have money with ING.

    Published: October 22, 2009 1:31 AM

  • Adam Frost

    Please tell me there is a video.

    Published: October 22, 2009 2:24 AM

  • Zach Bibeault

    haha, this may be one of the biggest epic fails in recent memory.

    Published: October 22, 2009 2:46 AM

  • Paul

    Please, please, please, please tell me someone taped it!

    I….want to laugh hysterically and throw up at the same time.

    Published: October 22, 2009 2:47 AM

  • James

    I am shocked, shocked that Tom McInerney, an econ major from Colgate in ’78 and an MBA from Dartmouth in ’82 that went on to handle $81 billion in assets under Aetna had not heard of the Austrian school of economics, now where sir are my gambling winnings?

    Published: October 22, 2009 2:56 AM

  • Luke M

    You Austrians have *nothing* on Rand McNally business cycle theory!

    Published: October 22, 2009 3:09 AM

  • Rusty_Shackleford

    Priceless.

    Published: October 22, 2009 3:38 AM

  • Daniel

    Wahahaha,

    I’m shocked, ooh wait, I’m not…

    =)

    Tom J. McInerney, member Management Board Insurance, chairman & CEO Insurance Americas

    http://www.ing.com/group/showdoc.jsp?docid=379070_EN&docidrc=379084_EN&menopt=cog|exb|ebm&lang=en

    Published: October 22, 2009 6:00 AM

  • KP

    The relative size of the Austrian school compared to the freshwater and saltwater views (for those who don’t know, economic schools of thought on either coast ie saltwater or chicago school ie freshwater) cannot be ignored. Top universities and their students hardly venture into any of these topics let alone read anything from Mises, Rothbard or Hayek. So it doesn’t surprise me one bit.

    Published: October 22, 2009 6:36 AM

  • Richie

    KP, I am not at all surprised as well. While pursuing my Bachelor’s in Economics, I accidentally stumbled across the Mises Institute’s website and that’s how I was introduced to Austrian economics. Of course, my economics training was overloaded with Keynesianism with a little freshwater thrown in. So yes, no surprise at all.

    Published: October 22, 2009 7:00 AM

  • Eq

    I was there as well and unfortunately there was no video camera that i am aware of, so no video. But the above story is 100% true; one could feel the collective cringe when McInerney was spouting off about Austria. And it wasnt short. He spent a good 5-7minutes in his diatribe, trying to get audience participation by asking “Does anyone know the GDP of france…How about Italy….and austria….” It was very sad because people were snickering and he had no idea it was at him.

    Published: October 22, 2009 7:01 AM

  • Artisan

    ROFL. I have a distant acquaintance who is directing a major credit risk department at ING … and I don’t expect him to be aware of Hayek’s teachings at all, of course.

    Some of his less important colleagues did listen at parties to the idea that inflation was hell for the economy. All I ever got from him though is a faint bored smile I think and a look saying “let’s talk about something else please”. Well into the crisis (at the time his bank was being bailed out with tax money) he was offering a whole bunch of expensive anniversary jewels in public to his wife. I remember some of us thinking it was quite tasteless. I heard he had been a bit scared he would loose his job in the tumult later though. But now as everyone officially knows, “the crisis is over” and it’s “business as usual”. I’m happy I could get rid of this anecdote here though.

    Published: October 22, 2009 7:22 AM

  • jimc

    im 90% sure toms email address is [email protected] if anyone wants to send him a reading list

    Published: October 22, 2009 7:44 AM

  • Madhusudan Raj

    This is nothing new for me because it happens with me every now and then here in India. Most of my senior professors confuse Austrian economy with the Austrian school of economics whenever I take them for a debate on Austrian school.

    Once in a conference one health economics professor from Aberdeen University told me that he has never heard about the AUSTRALIAN (and NOT AUSTRIAN) school of Economics!

    The mainstream economics profession has ignored Austrian school to such an extent that many simply don’t know about it.

    Published: October 22, 2009 8:07 AM

  • John D

    After McInerney gave his answer, the moderator replied with this:

    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zTFwAxfHgSA

    Published: October 22, 2009 8:25 AM

  • Tom Woods

    The room was L-shaped, so some people would not have been able to see the camera, but there was one, and two of the organizers tell me it was indeed recorded. I am finding out right now about getting a video.

    Of course people are right to observe that relatively few people get exposed to Austrian economics. The point here is that I had just finished a 40-minute presentation on the subject.

    Published: October 22, 2009 8:41 AM

  • Brad

    This is not surprising as anyone who is going to succeed in this corporo-fascistic economy – to its highest levels – has to be stripped of any knowledge such as Austrian Economics. It proves just how successful the collectivist, statist mind control has been. THIS is what one should expect to happen – to rise up in the ersatz-private sector one would have to have a mind tuned into the “correct” frequencies and a forty minute treatise on the subject is tuned out as incomprehensible static.

    It’s not funny, it’s sad and alarming.

    Published: October 22, 2009 8:57 AM

  • AJ Witoslawski

    John D., how sad but true. “Mr. McInerney, what you’ve just said is one of the most insanely idiotic things I have ever heard. At no point in your rambling, incoherent response were you even close to anything that could be considered a rational thought. Everyone in this room is now dumber for having listened to it. I award you no points, and may God have mercy on your soul.”

    Published: October 22, 2009 9:00 AM

  • J Cortez

    In my opinion, there’s nothing more entertaining when fools like McInerney hang themselves with their own ignorant words.

    Published: October 22, 2009 9:31 AM

  • Brodie

    Tom,

    Will this be loaded up onto the Mises channel on youtube?

    Published: October 22, 2009 9:35 AM

  • Richie

    Tom,

    That means two things: He did not have the intellectual capacity to comprehend your speech, or he just was not listening.

    Published: October 22, 2009 9:55 AM

  • Bob Roddis

    I say with a high degree of certainty that the opponents of the Austrian School do not have the slightest familiarity with its basic concepts (although Mr. McInerney may be unusual in having never actually heard of the school even after a 40 minute lecture).

    From the various recent attacks on the Austrian School (Yglesias, Krugman, DeLong, Quiggin etc.), it is clear that there isn’t a single critic who understands, for example, Cantillon Effects or the time structure of production. They don’t really reject those concepts. They don’t even get that far. They’ve never bothered to even try to understand what those concepts are if they’ve even heard of them at all. However, I think they understand that a fair and open debate on these topics might be damaging to their religious-like State-as-God worldview.

    Which means we will win in the end, right?

    Published: October 22, 2009 10:43 AM

  • Tom Woods

    They are going to let me know as soon as the video is ready. I’m told there may be some audio problem, but they’re trying to fix it.

    Published: October 22, 2009 11:21 AM

  • Mike

    Bob,

    Perhaps. The Internet may be our ace in the hole. The religious (you are absolutely right that statism is a religion) folks who need to have their wisdom spoon-fed to them are always more numerous than those who are mentally awake and not in love with their own thoughts.

    In the past, the way the real thinkers were brought together was institutions of higher learning. Since those are long-corrupted, you don’t see large concentrations of real thought anymore. Until now.

    The cool thing about being right is that you can be sincere in spreading your ideas; that is, you don’t have to go into salesperson mode. That, and if someone puts enough genuine thought in your idea, they will see that it is right too. So while we still have a job to do in getting the word out, our job is made easier by the fact that we are right, at least on all the obvious fundamentals.

    It would be interesting to see if, while the world goes to hell all around us, there are little intellectual pockets of Austrianism in various parts of the world, unified through the glorious thing that is instantaneous communication. When things start to get dicey for the statists, as is inevitable, we may even be able to get us some territory someday.

    Published: October 22, 2009 11:43 AM

  • Ohhh Henry

    Good thing you didn’t mention the School of Salamanca, he might have gone off on a tangent about Don Quixote.

    Published: October 22, 2009 12:28 PM

  • Daniel

    Tyler Cowen has commented on ABCT, and at least he understands it. Incidentally, his criticism was one of the most hilariously ironic articles I have ever seen
    http://www.marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2005/01/if_i_believed_i.html

    Published: October 22, 2009 1:00 PM

  • DixieFlatline

    I think Tom’s point is important here. He just finished a 40 minute presentation on AE, and this guy didn’t get it.

    I’ve shared Tom’s talks via articles and YouTube many times with friends, and they get it. And they don’t speak at conferences, or CEO multi-billion dollar firms.

    What’s sad is that McInerney thought he was being smart. If he had done an iota of research on Tom (which I would have done prior to appearing with him, this is why CEOs have PAs) then he would have had a clue that AE is not about a country, but a particular method and tradition.

    Is it any wonder folks like this stuff their faces at the public trough after mismanaging their companies?

    Published: October 22, 2009 1:18 PM

  • BN

    NFL teams should not run the Wildcat offense because wildcats are terrible at football, in fact, they don’t even play it… idiots.

    Published: October 22, 2009 2:05 PM

  • DF

    Hi All,
    I consider myself lucky to have Tom Woods come visit us in Connecticut for this event. I was so embarressed for Mr. McInerney when this exchange took place that it actually pained me – awkward! It’s also pretty disturbing!
    Thanks Tom Woods for your perseverance and hard work. I don’t know how you keep from banging your head against the wall. It was a real pleasure finally meeting you and an honor shaking your hand.

    Published: October 22, 2009 2:39 PM

  • Michael Maier

    The worst thing about this story is that even if someone asks why I was howling with laughter here at work, it would take too long to explain.

    BN: that’s a great analogy.

    Dixieflatline: I think you give too much credit to the common folks. I agree that’s the way it SHOULD work, but I am often surprised by the vehemence of those denying AE ideas and ideals.

    Published: October 22, 2009 2:50 PM

  • KP

    Michael:

    Its not that they deny it but rather they are not familiar with Austrian Economics. Keynes and Friedman and there followers make up a large portion of academic interests. If you want to make a comparison its like comparing a giant like IBM or Microsoft that everyone is familiar with or used; with a small operating system or computer manufacturer out of someone’s garage.

    It doesn’t matter if that OS or computer from the garage is superior most people won’t know about it.

    Published: October 22, 2009 3:48 PM

  • Deckard

    Wife: What’s so funny?
    Me: Ah, well in a debate about government intervention during economic collapse, –
    Wife: Actually, never mind.

    Published: October 22, 2009 4:06 PM

  • Deckard

    Published: October 22, 2009 4:07 PM

  • Steve

    I don’t feel sorry for the buffoon one bit.

    It’s tragic that someone who is obviously thought by many to be a “success” in life and therefore at least somewhat intelligent is actually so stupid and came so unprepared for an important discussion.

    We need more of these “tragedies” and we need them publicized as much as possible. Let’s bury these idiots!

    Published: October 22, 2009 4:09 PM

  • Ryan

    LOL. I need to see this video.

    Published: October 22, 2009 4:30 PM

  • Ben Bernanke

    Instead of making a fool out of himself like that when he hears someone mention Austrian Economics he should just smile condescendingly, pick on a tiny, inconsequential technical aspect of the presentation, and then veer off into an irrelevant discussion of the savings rate in developing Asian countries.

    Published: October 22, 2009 5:19 PM

  • John H.

    Thanks, this made my day!

    Published: October 22, 2009 5:46 PM

  • Matt

    Who cares about Keynesian economics. Kenya is a small country so why should we care what its economists have to say?

    Published: October 22, 2009 6:46 PM

  • e_goldstein

    This is a perfect example of too big to fail, too dumb to succeed.

    Published: October 22, 2009 7:13 PM

  • JasonTVMH

    @Steve:
    [Quote]
    We need more of these “tragedies” and we need them publicized as much as possible. Let’s bury these idiots!
    [/Quote]

    I think they’re doing a fine job burying themselves. 😀

    Published: October 22, 2009 8:14 PM

  • Octane

    Oh man I busted up. I have to add my vote to the pool of people asking for a video of this buffoonery.

    Published: October 22, 2009 8:51 PM

  • K.C.

    He can’t be that ignorant. He’s obviously pulling an Obama by pretending his critics don’t exist or are unworthy of debate. He’s probably playing the game that most people are too stupid to know the truth or find it out for themselves. He knew he had no leg to stand on against Tom. It was probably meant in jest – at least the ING stockholders hope so.

    Seriously though, you could not make up something that funny.

    Published: October 22, 2009 8:52 PM

  • Ball

    Published: October 22, 2009 11:40 PM

  • Tracy Saboe

    That’s hilarious LOL

    Tracy

    Published: October 23, 2009 12:33 AM

  • TokyoTom

    Thanks for this report, Stephan.

    And well, said, Tom!

    Published: October 23, 2009 1:55 AM

  • Terri K

    Michael Maier, I think DixieFlatline has a good point.

    In my experience, many of those formally trained in economics in any way, shape or form, but especially those with credentials from the most highly regarded schools, hang on to their little paradigms like a pit bull with lock jaw.

    In contrast, plain ol’ common folks like me, with a healthy case of intellectual curiosity, but with neither preconceived notions nor fancy economics degrees, easily “get it” because AE makes so much logical sense and is easily provable at least a zillion times a day in Real Life. So what if it doesn’t involve complicated mathematical equations and other theoretical BS that makes most people’s eyes glaze over?

    The former group simply will not (cannot?) admit that everything they’ve been taught might not be 100% correct. Seems to me, most of them can’t even do even a little critical examination of what they “know to be true”.

    Tom Woods explains it all with such clarity, I would think that his words would make someone at least ponder the possibilities. McInerney is a fool.

    Published: October 23, 2009 8:22 AM

  • GilesS

    It’s funny how people here just don’t get it.

    Published: October 23, 2009 2:47 PM

  • Lord Buzungulus, Bringer of the Purple Light

    GilesS,

    Get what?

    Published: October 23, 2009 3:13 PM

  • GilesS

    People here are missing quite a bit really.

    But what’s really telling is how somebody outside of academia makes a mistake to which people here reply “look how stupid and corrupt mainstram academics are!”.

    Published: October 23, 2009 5:26 PM

  • Lord Buzungulus, Bringer of the Purple Light

    GilesS,

    Give it a rest. Who are you, anyway, that people here should take your opinion seriously?

    Published: October 23, 2009 6:19 PM

  • D

    GilesS strikes me as an arrogant prick.

    That it is all.

    Published: October 23, 2009 7:29 PM

  • Bala

    GilesS,

    I wonder who is not getting it. Looks like you have failed to comprehend the main point of the article – to highlight how
    1. the mainstream is completely ignorant of the Austrian School of Economics. That’s rather sad because the Austrian School of Economics is the only one that gives a coherent and easy to understand explanation for the occurence of Business Cycles. It’s so simple even laymen like me can make sense of it. It’s even more sad that as a result, the only real solution to the crisis is not going to be implemented in the near future.
    2. how mainstream education dumbs you down to the extent that even if someone takes 40 minutes to explain something in very simple language, all he can do is to completely fail to understand it and instead pompously spew out a load of rubbish.

    Published: October 24, 2009 2:07 AM

  • GilesS

    “1. the mainstream is completely ignorant of the Austrian School of Economics. That’s rather sad because the Austrian School of Economics is the only one that gives a coherent and easy to understand explanation for the occurence of Business Cycles. It’s so simple even laymen like me can make sense of it. It’s even more sad that as a result, the only real solution to the crisis is not going to be implemented in the near future.
    2. how mainstream education dumbs you down to the extent that even if someone takes 40 minutes to explain something in very simple language, all he can do is to completely fail to understand it and instead pompously spew out a load of rubbish.”

    So now every “mainstream economist” who doesn’t understand the ABCT (there’s a lot them) is an idiot? Or at least, they’re “dumbed down”. Perhaps he didn’t understand the argument because before Roger Garrison nobody ever put it in a way that mainstream economists would understand.

    The “mainstream” is only ignorant of the Rothbardian branch of Austrian economics, for good reason.

    Published: October 24, 2009 7:51 AM

  • Giles

    For what it’s worth, a quick Wikipedia check reveals that Chicago has a higher GDP than Austria!

    GDP of Chicago: $ 460 Billion
    GDP of Austria: $330 Billion

    Published: October 24, 2009 8:57 AM

  • Chad

    I am a history major and I do not know a whole lot about economics in general, but I am pretty sure that I understand the Austrian School (I have never been confused listening to Dr. Woods, anyway). This had me rolling and I cannot wait to see the video!

    Published: October 24, 2009 9:37 AM

  • Tom Woods

    GilesS, you actually think Man, Economy, and State is pretty unimpressive, huh?

    And no, no one was saying people are stupid for not knowing about the Austrian School. The point was that (1) you might expect someone to look into it before a debate, knowing your opponent will be talking about it, and (2) I had just spoken about Austrian economics for 40 MINUTES.

    You’re saying it’s super-smart to think Austrian economics involves the country of Austria, event after you’ve listened to a 40-minute presentation on the subject. I’d love to hear you try to debate that one.

    Published: October 24, 2009 11:32 AM

  • Brian Macker

    Giles,

    You are not stupid. Just ignorant. Also foolish for not recognizing your ignorance.

    Published: October 24, 2009 12:31 PM

  • Ireland

    People mix up economy and economics a lot, but only rarely it results in such an entertaining performance.
    Another nice thing is to read Tom in action — there’s more of us waiting for GilesS’s answer …

    Published: October 24, 2009 2:25 PM

  • GilesS

    Tom,

    Perhaps the guy is an idiot, perhaps he was just not listening. I never disputed this, although I don’t think a single (highly embarassing) mistake such as this is grounds for making such claims.

    Now, I don’t know what topic you’ve been reading, but above there’s plenty of comments making statements that just don’t follow from this one guy being an idiot. The idea that “mainstream” academic economics are stupid or dogmatic may also be true (I don’t think it is), but the statements made by the CEO of ING don’t prove this one bit.

    (For the record, I thoroughly enjoyed MES).

    Published: October 24, 2009 4:15 PM

  • D

    GilesS

    You thoroughly enjoyed it; but people ignore it for good reason.

    Keep digging….

    Published: October 24, 2009 6:47 PM

  • Lord Buzungulus, Bringer of the Purple Light

    D,

    Exactly, GilesS is full of crap.

    Published: October 24, 2009 8:07 PM

set 2 of comments:

{ 97 comments }

{ 97 comments… read them below or add one }

Robert Brager October 22, 2009 at 12:07 am

Dear Lord.

REPLY

Pierre October 22, 2009 at 12:16 am

The emperor has no clothes…

We need a video asap because this the funniest anecdote I have ever heard.

REPLY

PMix October 22, 2009 at 12:19 am

There probably are a number of people in the library’s quiet study room that are not very happy with me after I just laughed at this story.

REPLY

mhamlin October 22, 2009 at 12:22 am

We need a video of this thing.

REPLY

Anthony J October 22, 2009 at 12:26 am

Agree..We need a video ASAP. HA!

REPLY

EotS October 22, 2009 at 12:49 am

That’s just ugly. Epic ugly. And yes, someone, video please! I’ve got to see the sarcasm in Tom’s Friedman / Chicago remark.

REPLY

Nuke Gray October 22, 2009 at 12:52 am

Did he also promise to throw a shrimp onto the barbie? And throw a boomerang? What does he have against Paul Hogan, and Nicole Kidman? and that other Australian, Arnie, the one who rules Kalifornia?

REPLY

Joel Pettit October 22, 2009 at 12:59 am

I was there. That was exactly how it happened. Tom’s retort was cool and calculated. I was laughing like a hyena in heat when McIerney made the gaff and my wife kept elbowing me in the side–trying to get me to shut-up.

REPLY

iamse7en October 22, 2009 at 1:13 am

This is comedy gold.

I feel bad for McIerney just in hearing this episode.

Please, video. Please.

I smell a YouTube phenomenon.

REPLY

Niko October 22, 2009 at 1:31 am

God, I have money with ING.

REPLY

Adam Frost October 22, 2009 at 2:24 am

Please tell me there is a video.

REPLY

Zach Bibeault October 22, 2009 at 2:46 am

haha, this may be one of the biggest epic fails in recent memory.

REPLY

Paul October 22, 2009 at 2:47 am

Please, please, please, please tell me someone taped it!

I….want to laugh hysterically and throw up at the same time.

REPLY

James October 22, 2009 at 2:56 am

I am shocked, shocked that Tom McInerney, an econ major from Colgate in ’78 and an MBA from Dartmouth in ’82 that went on to handle $81 billion in assets under Aetna had not heard of the Austrian school of economics, now where sir are my gambling winnings?

REPLY

Luke M October 22, 2009 at 3:09 am

You Austrians have *nothing* on Rand McNally business cycle theory!

REPLY

Rusty_Shackleford October 22, 2009 at 3:38 am

Priceless.

REPLY

Daniel October 22, 2009 at 6:00 am

Wahahaha,

I’m shocked, ooh wait, I’m not…

=)

Tom J. McInerney, member Management Board Insurance, chairman & CEO Insurance Americas

http://www.ing.com/group/showdoc.jsp?docid=379070_EN&docidrc=379084_EN&menopt=cog|exb|ebm&lang=en

REPLY

KP October 22, 2009 at 6:36 am

The relative size of the Austrian school compared to the freshwater and saltwater views (for those who don’t know, economic schools of thought on either coast ie saltwater or chicago school ie freshwater) cannot be ignored. Top universities and their students hardly venture into any of these topics let alone read anything from Mises, Rothbard or Hayek. So it doesn’t surprise me one bit.

REPLY

Richie October 22, 2009 at 7:00 am

KP, I am not at all surprised as well. While pursuing my Bachelor’s in Economics, I accidentally stumbled across the Mises Institute’s website and that’s how I was introduced to Austrian economics. Of course, my economics training was overloaded with Keynesianism with a little freshwater thrown in. So yes, no surprise at all.

REPLY

Eq October 22, 2009 at 7:01 am

I was there as well and unfortunately there was no video camera that i am aware of, so no video. But the above story is 100% true; one could feel the collective cringe when McInerney was spouting off about Austria. And it wasnt short. He spent a good 5-7minutes in his diatribe, trying to get audience participation by asking “Does anyone know the GDP of france…How about Italy….and austria….” It was very sad because people were snickering and he had no idea it was at him.

REPLY

Artisan October 22, 2009 at 7:22 am

ROFL. I have a distant acquaintance who is directing a major credit risk department at ING … and I don’t expect him to be aware of Hayek’s teachings at all, of course.

Some of his less important colleagues did listen at parties to the idea that inflation was hell for the economy. All I ever got from him though is a faint bored smile I think and a look saying “let’s talk about something else please”. Well into the crisis (at the time his bank was being bailed out with tax money) he was offering a whole bunch of expensive anniversary jewels in public to his wife. I remember some of us thinking it was quite tasteless. I heard he had been a bit scared he would loose his job in the tumult later though. But now as everyone officially knows, “the crisis is over” and it’s “business as usual”. I’m happy I could get rid of this anecdote here though.

REPLY

jimc October 22, 2009 at 7:44 am

im 90% sure toms email address is [email protected] if anyone wants to send him a reading list

REPLY

Madhusudan Raj October 22, 2009 at 8:07 am

This is nothing new for me because it happens with me every now and then here in India. Most of my senior professors confuse Austrian economy with the Austrian school of economics whenever I take them for a debate on Austrian school.

Once in a conference one health economics professor from Aberdeen University told me that he has never heard about the AUSTRALIAN (and NOT AUSTRIAN) school of Economics!

The mainstream economics profession has ignored Austrian school to such an extent that many simply don’t know about it.

REPLY

John D October 22, 2009 at 8:25 am

After McInerney gave his answer, the moderator replied with this:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zTFwAxfHgSA

REPLY

Tom Woods October 22, 2009 at 8:41 am

The room was L-shaped, so some people would not have been able to see the camera, but there was one, and two of the organizers tell me it was indeed recorded. I am finding out right now about getting a video.

Of course people are right to observe that relatively few people get exposed to Austrian economics. The point here is that I had just finished a 40-minute presentation on the subject.

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Brad October 22, 2009 at 8:57 am

This is not surprising as anyone who is going to succeed in this corporo-fascistic economy – to its highest levels – has to be stripped of any knowledge such as Austrian Economics. It proves just how successful the collectivist, statist mind control has been. THIS is what one should expect to happen – to rise up in the ersatz-private sector one would have to have a mind tuned into the “correct” frequencies and a forty minute treatise on the subject is tuned out as incomprehensible static.

It’s not funny, it’s sad and alarming.

REPLY

AJ Witoslawski October 22, 2009 at 9:00 am

John D., how sad but true. “Mr. McInerney, what you’ve just said is one of the most insanely idiotic things I have ever heard. At no point in your rambling, incoherent response were you even close to anything that could be considered a rational thought. Everyone in this room is now dumber for having listened to it. I award you no points, and may God have mercy on your soul.”

REPLY

J Cortez October 22, 2009 at 9:31 am

In my opinion, there’s nothing more entertaining when fools like McInerney hang themselves with their own ignorant words.

REPLY

Brodie October 22, 2009 at 9:35 am

Tom,

Will this be loaded up onto the Mises channel on youtube?

REPLY

Richie October 22, 2009 at 9:55 am

Tom,

That means two things: He did not have the intellectual capacity to comprehend your speech, or he just was not listening.

REPLY

Bob Roddis October 22, 2009 at 10:43 am

I say with a high degree of certainty that the opponents of the Austrian School do not have the slightest familiarity with its basic concepts (although Mr. McInerney may be unusual in having never actually heard of the school even after a 40 minute lecture).

From the various recent attacks on the Austrian School (Yglesias, Krugman, DeLong, Quiggin etc.), it is clear that there isn’t a single critic who understands, for example, Cantillon Effects or the time structure of production. They don’t really reject those concepts. They don’t even get that far. They’ve never bothered to even try to understand what those concepts are if they’ve even heard of them at all. However, I think they understand that a fair and open debate on these topics might be damaging to their religious-like State-as-God worldview.

Which means we will win in the end, right?

REPLY

Tom Woods October 22, 2009 at 11:21 am

They are going to let me know as soon as the video is ready. I’m told there may be some audio problem, but they’re trying to fix it.

REPLY

Mike October 22, 2009 at 11:43 am

Bob,

Perhaps. The Internet may be our ace in the hole. The religious (you are absolutely right that statism is a religion) folks who need to have their wisdom spoon-fed to them are always more numerous than those who are mentally awake and not in love with their own thoughts.

In the past, the way the real thinkers were brought together was institutions of higher learning. Since those are long-corrupted, you don’t see large concentrations of real thought anymore. Until now.

The cool thing about being right is that you can be sincere in spreading your ideas; that is, you don’t have to go into salesperson mode. That, and if someone puts enough genuine thought in your idea, they will see that it is right too. So while we still have a job to do in getting the word out, our job is made easier by the fact that we are right, at least on all the obvious fundamentals.

It would be interesting to see if, while the world goes to hell all around us, there are little intellectual pockets of Austrianism in various parts of the world, unified through the glorious thing that is instantaneous communication. When things start to get dicey for the statists, as is inevitable, we may even be able to get us some territory someday.

REPLY

Ohhh Henry October 22, 2009 at 12:28 pm

Good thing you didn’t mention the School of Salamanca, he might have gone off on a tangent about Don Quixote.

REPLY

Daniel October 22, 2009 at 1:00 pm

Tyler Cowen has commented on ABCT, and at least he understands it. Incidentally, his criticism was one of the most hilariously ironic articles I have ever seen
http://www.marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2005/01/if_i_believed_i.html

REPLY

DixieFlatline October 22, 2009 at 1:18 pm

I think Tom’s point is important here. He just finished a 40 minute presentation on AE, and this guy didn’t get it.

I’ve shared Tom’s talks via articles and YouTube many times with friends, and they get it. And they don’t speak at conferences, or CEO multi-billion dollar firms.

What’s sad is that McInerney thought he was being smart. If he had done an iota of research on Tom (which I would have done prior to appearing with him, this is why CEOs have PAs) then he would have had a clue that AE is not about a country, but a particular method and tradition.

Is it any wonder folks like this stuff their faces at the public trough after mismanaging their companies?

REPLY

BN October 22, 2009 at 2:05 pm

NFL teams should not run the Wildcat offense because wildcats are terrible at football, in fact, they don’t even play it… idiots.

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DF October 22, 2009 at 2:39 pm

Hi All,
I consider myself lucky to have Tom Woods come visit us in Connecticut for this event. I was so embarressed for Mr. McInerney when this exchange took place that it actually pained me – awkward! It’s also pretty disturbing!
Thanks Tom Woods for your perseverance and hard work. I don’t know how you keep from banging your head against the wall. It was a real pleasure finally meeting you and an honor shaking your hand.

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Michael Maier October 22, 2009 at 2:50 pm

The worst thing about this story is that even if someone asks why I was howling with laughter here at work, it would take too long to explain.

BN: that’s a great analogy.

Dixieflatline: I think you give too much credit to the common folks. I agree that’s the way it SHOULD work, but I am often surprised by the vehemence of those denying AE ideas and ideals.

REPLY

KP October 22, 2009 at 3:48 pm

Michael:

Its not that they deny it but rather they are not familiar with Austrian Economics. Keynes and Friedman and there followers make up a large portion of academic interests. If you want to make a comparison its like comparing a giant like IBM or Microsoft that everyone is familiar with or used; with a small operating system or computer manufacturer out of someone’s garage.

It doesn’t matter if that OS or computer from the garage is superior most people won’t know about it.

REPLY

Deckard October 22, 2009 at 4:06 pm

Wife: What’s so funny?
Me: Ah, well in a debate about government intervention during economic collapse, –
Wife: Actually, never mind.

REPLY

Deckard October 22, 2009 at 4:07 pm
Steve October 22, 2009 at 4:09 pm

I don’t feel sorry for the buffoon one bit.

It’s tragic that someone who is obviously thought by many to be a “success” in life and therefore at least somewhat intelligent is actually so stupid and came so unprepared for an important discussion.

We need more of these “tragedies” and we need them publicized as much as possible. Let’s bury these idiots!

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Ryan October 22, 2009 at 4:30 pm

LOL. I need to see this video.

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Ben Bernanke October 22, 2009 at 5:19 pm

Instead of making a fool out of himself like that when he hears someone mention Austrian Economics he should just smile condescendingly, pick on a tiny, inconsequential technical aspect of the presentation, and then veer off into an irrelevant discussion of the savings rate in developing Asian countries.

REPLY

John H. October 22, 2009 at 5:46 pm

Thanks, this made my day!

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Matt October 22, 2009 at 6:46 pm

Who cares about Keynesian economics. Kenya is a small country so why should we care what its economists have to say?

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e_goldstein October 22, 2009 at 7:13 pm

This is a perfect example of too big to fail, too dumb to succeed.

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JasonTVMH October 22, 2009 at 8:14 pm

@Steve:
[Quote]
We need more of these “tragedies” and we need them publicized as much as possible. Let’s bury these idiots!
[/Quote]

I think they’re doing a fine job burying themselves. :-D

REPLY

Octane October 22, 2009 at 8:51 pm

Oh man I busted up. I have to add my vote to the pool of people asking for a video of this buffoonery.

K.C. October 22, 2009 at 8:52 pm

He can’t be that ignorant. He’s obviously pulling an Obama by pretending his critics don’t exist or are unworthy of debate. He’s probably playing the game that most people are too stupid to know the truth or find it out for themselves. He knew he had no leg to stand on against Tom. It was probably meant in jest – at least the ING stockholders hope so.

Seriously though, you could not make up something that funny.

Ball October 22, 2009 at 11:40 pm
Tracy Saboe October 23, 2009 at 12:33 am

That’s hilarious LOL

Tracy

TokyoTom October 23, 2009 at 1:55 am

Thanks for this report, Stephan.

And well, said, Tom!

Terri K October 23, 2009 at 8:22 am

Michael Maier, I think DixieFlatline has a good point.

In my experience, many of those formally trained in economics in any way, shape or form, but especially those with credentials from the most highly regarded schools, hang on to their little paradigms like a pit bull with lock jaw.

In contrast, plain ol’ common folks like me, with a healthy case of intellectual curiosity, but with neither preconceived notions nor fancy economics degrees, easily “get it” because AE makes so much logical sense and is easily provable at least a zillion times a day in Real Life. So what if it doesn’t involve complicated mathematical equations and other theoretical BS that makes most people’s eyes glaze over?

The former group simply will not (cannot?) admit that everything they’ve been taught might not be 100% correct. Seems to me, most of them can’t even do even a little critical examination of what they “know to be true”.

Tom Woods explains it all with such clarity, I would think that his words would make someone at least ponder the possibilities. McInerney is a fool.

GilesS October 23, 2009 at 2:47 pm

It’s funny how people here just don’t get it.

Lord Buzungulus, Bringer of the Purple Light October 23, 2009 at 3:13 pm

GilesS,

Get what?

GilesS October 23, 2009 at 5:26 pm

People here are missing quite a bit really.

But what’s really telling is how somebody outside of academia makes a mistake to which people here reply “look how stupid and corrupt mainstram academics are!”.

Lord Buzungulus, Bringer of the Purple Light October 23, 2009 at 6:19 pm

GilesS,

Give it a rest. Who are you, anyway, that people here should take your opinion seriously?

D October 23, 2009 at 7:29 pm

GilesS strikes me as an arrogant prick.

That it is all.

Bala October 24, 2009 at 2:07 am

GilesS,

I wonder who is not getting it. Looks like you have failed to comprehend the main point of the article – to highlight how
1. the mainstream is completely ignorant of the Austrian School of Economics. That’s rather sad because the Austrian School of Economics is the only one that gives a coherent and easy to understand explanation for the occurence of Business Cycles. It’s so simple even laymen like me can make sense of it. It’s even more sad that as a result, the only real solution to the crisis is not going to be implemented in the near future.
2. how mainstream education dumbs you down to the extent that even if someone takes 40 minutes to explain something in very simple language, all he can do is to completely fail to understand it and instead pompously spew out a load of rubbish.

GilesS October 24, 2009 at 7:51 am

“1. the mainstream is completely ignorant of the Austrian School of Economics. That’s rather sad because the Austrian School of Economics is the only one that gives a coherent and easy to understand explanation for the occurence of Business Cycles. It’s so simple even laymen like me can make sense of it. It’s even more sad that as a result, the only real solution to the crisis is not going to be implemented in the near future.
2. how mainstream education dumbs you down to the extent that even if someone takes 40 minutes to explain something in very simple language, all he can do is to completely fail to understand it and instead pompously spew out a load of rubbish.”

So now every “mainstream economist” who doesn’t understand the ABCT (there’s a lot them) is an idiot? Or at least, they’re “dumbed down”. Perhaps he didn’t understand the argument because before Roger Garrison nobody ever put it in a way that mainstream economists would understand.

The “mainstream” is only ignorant of the Rothbardian branch of Austrian economics, for good reason.

Giles October 24, 2009 at 8:57 am

For what it’s worth, a quick Wikipedia check reveals that Chicago has a higher GDP than Austria!

GDP of Chicago: $ 460 Billion
GDP of Austria: $330 Billion

Chad October 24, 2009 at 9:37 am

I am a history major and I do not know a whole lot about economics in general, but I am pretty sure that I understand the Austrian School (I have never been confused listening to Dr. Woods, anyway). This had me rolling and I cannot wait to see the video!

Tom Woods October 24, 2009 at 11:32 am

GilesS, you actually think Man, Economy, and State is pretty unimpressive, huh?

And no, no one was saying people are stupid for not knowing about the Austrian School. The point was that (1) you might expect someone to look into it before a debate, knowing your opponent will be talking about it, and (2) I had just spoken about Austrian economics for 40 MINUTES.

You’re saying it’s super-smart to think Austrian economics involves the country of Austria, event after you’ve listened to a 40-minute presentation on the subject. I’d love to hear you try to debate that one.

Brian Macker October 24, 2009 at 12:31 pm

Giles,

You are not stupid. Just ignorant. Also foolish for not recognizing your ignorance.

Ireland October 24, 2009 at 2:25 pm

People mix up economy and economics a lot, but only rarely it results in such an entertaining performance.
Another nice thing is to read Tom in action — there’s more of us waiting for GilesS’s answer …

GilesS October 24, 2009 at 4:15 pm

Tom,

Perhaps the guy is an idiot, perhaps he was just not listening. I never disputed this, although I don’t think a single (highly embarassing) mistake such as this is grounds for making such claims.

Now, I don’t know what topic you’ve been reading, but above there’s plenty of comments making statements that just don’t follow from this one guy being an idiot. The idea that “mainstream” academic economics are stupid or dogmatic may also be true (I don’t think it is), but the statements made by the CEO of ING don’t prove this one bit.

(For the record, I thoroughly enjoyed MES).

D October 24, 2009 at 6:47 pm

GilesS

You thoroughly enjoyed it; but people ignore it for good reason.

Keep digging….

Lord Buzungulus, Bringer of the Purple Light October 24, 2009 at 8:07 pm

D,

Exactly, GilesS is full of crap.

GilesS October 25, 2009 at 6:35 am

“GilesS

You thoroughly enjoyed it; but people ignore it for good reason.

Keep digging….

Nobody ignores it, they’ve just never heard of it because nobody in academia reads a 1,500 pages treatise that is what? 50 years old.

Lord Buzungulus, Bringer of the Purple Light October 25, 2009 at 8:05 am

GilesS,

For what it’s worth, the 1,500 page version of MES is the scholars edition published in 2004 that combines the original texts of MES and Power and Market; the original MES was about 1000 pages, pretty much the same as the 60 year old book Human Action.

So what’s your point? Why don’t you go tell your buddies at the GMU blog that nobody in academia reads Human Action for that reason. What a tool.

trent steel March 15, 2010 at 2:28 pm

@Lord Buzungulus, Bringer of the Purple Light I know it’s fashionable to bash GMU at the Mises Institute. I happen to love the Institute and also recognize that, while they don’t agree on everything, bashing GMU is like bashing people who put mustard instead of ketchup on their hamburger, while everyone else is pouring on sand. It seems like they debate so venomously because they’re the only two that have enough to talk about. That said, I side with the Institute in almost, or in fact maybe all, of the disagreements. I just think the insults are unproductive (unless slung at, say, Harvard! :) ) And btw, the Austrian Economics class at GMU assigns Human Action, Menger’s Principles, Hazlitt’s “The Failure of the ‘New Economics’,” and Hayek, so check your facts.

trent steel March 15, 2010 at 2:54 pm

Hmmm… for some reason it left off my last line. The class has in the past also assigned MES.

Current October 25, 2009 at 10:59 am

The funny thing about this business of difficult books is that the mainstream economists want to have it both ways.

Some of them say “I’ve never studied the Austrian School because the books are so long and difficult”. Others says “The reason all of these ‘amateur’ economists on the internet talk about the Austrians is because their books use verbal reasoning and are easy to understand by the novice.”

I’ve even read some of them trying to argue both at different times. Apparently we read long books on Austrian economics because it’s much easier than understanding mainstream books. They however do not read these long books on Austrian economics because they’re much more difficult than understanding the mainstream paradigm.

GilesS October 25, 2009 at 3:18 pm

Lord B, I would be willing to be that it’s length and date (as well as the philosophical content) IS the reason that most mainstream economists don’t read HA.

So I don’t really know what point you’re trying to make.

Current, the arguments you cite aren’t contradictory.

Tony Pivetta October 25, 2009 at 6:40 pm

Austrian economics has nothing to do with the economy of Austria?! Yeah, and now I suppose you’re going to tell me disdaining French for Freedom fries has nothing to do with hating France and loving Freedom? Only by advancing the unique monstrosity of the French can we hope to advance the cause of freedom! Who cares if “French” fries are the Belgians’ national side dish–to such an extent the French themselves refer to the Belgians as “les frites”?! Freedom is as freedom lovers eat; Austrian is as Austrian lovers enable the Austrians to eat.

Lord Buzungulus, Bringer of the Purple Light October 25, 2009 at 8:51 pm

GilesS,

First you write:

“The “mainstream” is only ignorant of the Rothbardian branch of Austrian economics, for good reason.”

which clearly comes off as an insult, that the reason for this ignorance owes to deficiencies in Rothbard’s work.

Then you write:

“(For the record, I thoroughly enjoyed MES).”

After which, when asked to reconcile these two claims, you appeal to the verbosity and age of the works as the reason Rothbard’s work has been neglected. You could have just said that to begin with, but never mind. The point is, you were initially trying to insult Rothbardians, and only backtracked when called out on it. In other words, you were bullshitting.

Like I said, go to the GMU blog and post this:

“The “mainstream” is only ignorant of the Misesian branch of Austrian economics, for good reason.”

Wait to see the reactions you get, THEN claim you only meant that HA was long and old. Bet you won’t get a warm round of applause.

Bala October 26, 2009 at 1:31 am

Lord Buzungulus,

” which clearly comes off as an insult, that the reason for this ignorance owes to deficiencies in Rothbard’s work. ”

Actually, it’s more an attempt at smearing and arguing by intimidation. Note how he fails to mention the “good reason”. I am still waiting for him to mention it. It would indeed be interesting to read it if and when he posts it.

GilesS October 26, 2009 at 7:02 am

Lord B, I’d be more than willing to put that conjecture forward on The Austrian Economists if it came up, I’m not sure if they’d agree but I don’t think it’s an unreasonable claim. Just a few weeks ago Dr Horwitz made a post saying that few people know of Ostrom and Williamson because few academics read works that are more than 10 years old.

Few people in the mainstream have heard of self described Rothbardians such as Hans Hoppe not because Rothbard’s work was deficient (although, in some respects I believe it was) but because a lot of Rothbardians don’t interact with the mainstream. The two claims are easy to reconcile.

Lord Buzungulus, Bringer of the Purple Light October 26, 2009 at 8:09 am

I’m not suggesting that you should claim Mises’ lack of impact on the mainstream is due to the length and age his works, I’m suggesting you should say that it is “for good reason,” without qualification as you did here in reference to Rothbard.

Again, you said:

“The “mainstream” is only ignorant of the Rothbardian branch of Austrian economics, for good reason.”

Since you’re now claiming consistency throughout, let me ask: do you think the length and age of a book is “good reason” to be ignorant of it?

GilesS October 26, 2009 at 9:03 am

Nope, but when academics isolate themselves, that’s a good reason for others to be ignorant of their work.

And, by and large, that’s exactly what the Rothbard bunch have done.

Lord Buzungulus, Bringer of the Purple Light October 26, 2009 at 9:27 am

“Nope, but when academics isolate themselves, that’s a good reason for others to be ignorant of their work.”

A fair point, but one you should have made initially.

Stephan Kinsella October 26, 2009 at 9:44 am

“Giles”:

“Rothbardians don’t interact with the mainstream”

“when academics isolate themselves, that’s a good reason for others to be ignorant of their work.

And, by and large, that’s exactly what the Rothbard bunch have done.”

I think you are confusing lack of compromise with “isolation.” The MIses Institute itself does all it can to broadcast Austrian economics. That the mainstream ignores its scholars is to their shame, not ours.

Lord Buzungulus, Bringer of the Purple Light October 26, 2009 at 11:43 am

Also, while some self-imposed academic isolation of the sort GilesS alludes to may exist, there could also be exclusion on the part of mainstream economists. Weren’t Huelsmann’s and Block’s responses to Caplan rejected? Does GilesS think this is simply because those papers were unworthy of publication? Or would he grant that the explicitly praxeological orientation of those papers was utterly foreign to a neoclassical reviewer? I’m not saying there is active collusion against Misesians/Rothbardians, only that the distinctiveness of their method lends itself to easy (and lazy) dismissial on the part of those unfamiliar with that school of thought. But this is not the same thing as isolation.

LD October 26, 2009 at 2:57 pm

You people are idiots. McInerney is running a company not engaging in some inane academic exercise in some divorced from reality ivory tower. Do you think Warren Buffet or many of the top CEO’s in the world have the slightest clue what you are talking about or care. These are people with real payrolls, real jobs, real responsibilities not some ninny like Brad engaing in overblown pretentious drivel and smug self-satisfaction. This discourse by you people explains all that is wrong with Academia. Get out in the real world why don’t you and try to achive something.

John Spiers March 15, 2010 at 4:12 pm

Hang on, LD, McInerney is a welfare queen who after attending college worked his way up in the world of govt-directed insurance industry, and when his policies failed, he was bailed out. Warren Buffet is the beneficiary of survivorship bias. The reason we people who actually work for a living, self-employed small business follow the Austrian theory, is because it makes sense and is generally borne out when tested.

Abhilash Nambiar October 26, 2009 at 4:12 pm

LD,

You seem to be ignorant of the fact that to achieve something in the real world, one needs a fundamentally sound understanding of the aspect of reality that one is dealing with. An aviator requires knowing the fundamentals of aerodynamics; a banker requires knowing the fundamentals of economics. Tom McInerney is not an achiever because he relies on handouts from the Dutch government instead of his own merits. And this conversation/debate exposes his fundamentally unsound roots. Warren Buffet has the same problem too. He did lose a lot of money during this recession because of it, but he had a principled father who influenced him well enough when he was young and impressionable. Few people realize the strength behind Warren’s success; his father Howard Buffet.

I think you will find these links interesting:
http://mises.org/daily/3745
http://mises.org/daily/3408
http://gsgiles.snappages.com/Blustery%20Day.htm

D October 27, 2009 at 7:45 am

“Nobody ignores it, they’ve just never heard of it because nobody in academia reads a 1,500 pages treatise that is what? 50 years old.”

What are you 10 years old?

Not only did you dodge your mistake, but you actually managed to state that no one ignores it, when your original point was that everyone ignores it.

Giles October 28, 2009 at 1:21 pm

“I think you are confusing lack of compromise with “isolation.” The MIses Institute itself does all it can to broadcast Austrian economics. That the mainstream ignores its scholars is to their shame, not ours.”

But that’s just not true. .

Steve November 1, 2009 at 6:40 pm

Any updates on a video? This has to be priceless.

Matt November 4, 2009 at 10:14 pm

bump

Robert N November 10, 2009 at 1:35 pm

yes indeed, the video has to be amazing.

iamse7en November 10, 2009 at 3:13 pm

Yeah, I’m wondering about the video?

Anthony R November 25, 2009 at 6:58 am

Video! Video! Video!

We were told one would be forthcoming. Don’t leave us hanging like that!

Chesley March 15, 2010 at 1:42 pm

This exchange reminds me of the deer in the headlights answer that McCain gave to Ron Paul during the debates when asked about the President’s Working Group on Financial Markets. It was hard to discern whether or not he was completely ignorant of the existence of such a group, or bewildered that he should need to answer for it on a live televised debate. Anyway, it also sailed over the heads of the masses.

Curt Howland March 16, 2010 at 7:53 am

Yes, indeed, this MUST be documented.

Where is the video/audio?

Not _just_ because I want to see the guy make a fool of himself. No, really that’s not it.

What I want to see is what he tried to say, and how, to disprove what Woods had presented.

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Libertarian Cancer Victim Activism

We are probably about to have some federal legislation prohibiting insurers from discriminating based on pre-existing conditions. This means if someone with cancer wants to change insurers, the new one he chooses can’t say no. They have to take him even though they will lose buckets of money. This will obviously drive up overall costs–it will basically be a redistribution of wealth from healthy to sick, just as forcing young, healthy people to buy health insurance will be. The idea is probably that the sick “customers” will be spread out more or less randomly among insurers, so that none of them is hurt in particular, though overall costs are raised so that the healthy are soaked for the benefit of the sick. So although a given insurer won’t want to see someone with cancer (say) sign up, they can’t stop it–and they will assume their competitors have this problem too, so it all evens out.

But what if the cancer people act together on purpose–say we get 100 or 1000 libertarians with cancer to find the least-libertarian insurer (say), all sign up at one time, and put it out of business. And so on.

Another idea: if I have cancer, suppose I am insured by insurer A and I approach B, and say “give me $50k and I will stay with A”. I can imagine such extortion schemes.

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Libertarian Papers vol. 1 (2009), Art. No. 40:  “A Thought Experiment Comparing Austrian and Keynesian Stimulus Packages“, by Wladimir Kraus

Abstract: Essentially, there are two competing views of how to overcome an economy-wide recession/depression. The Austrian view understands the free-play of competition as the most potent means to overcome the short-run mismatch between an excessive boom-level of nominal wages/prices and depressed crisis-level volume of aggregate spending. In the Keynesian view, the disastrous mismatch between desired saving and planned investment inherent in capitalist economies requires the government to step in and take up the burden of spending to infuse the lacking demand for products and labor.

The thought experiment presented in the paper is designed to provide the reader with a direct comparison of major analytical claims of the two competing approaches to assess the ability of each of the two to affect, positively or negatively, employment, capital accumulation, and the general standard of living/real wages.

[Mises blog cross-post]

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Spangler on Block on Sexual Harassment

My reply to Brad Spangler’s “You’ve got half your anarchy tied behind your back: Hey, libertarians! Politics makes you stupid,” which discusses Walter Block’s comments on sexual harassment and libertarianism.

Brad,

A few things. I’ll grant you I haven’t read all this closely, for a few reasons–namely, Tremblay is involved, and he’s impossible to take seriously. But as for criticism of Walter’s views on sexual harassment: let me note that Walter told me:

That passage about secretary pinching appeared in the very first edition (1976) of Defending the Undefendable. When this error of mine was pointed out to me, I immediately insisted that a new edition be published, and those words were deleted from it and all subsequent editions. Those erroneous words of mine were incompatible with the libertarian non aggression principle, and with everything else I have ever written about that subject.

Second, let me clarify that this whole debate is usually rife with confusion on the part of libertarians as to the libertarian nature of contracts and the nature of employment relationships, and fraud. People often talk about “the employment contract,” without knowing what they are talking about. There usually is no “employment contract” other than the obligation to pay money (salary) for services rendered/time put in. They often speak in a confused way about how it’s “fraud” if the boss starts harassing someone hired for a different purpose. This is all the result of confusion about the nature of fraud, property rights, the non-aggression principle, and contract. Thus one is reminded of Rothbard’s comment “It is no crime to be ignorant of economics, which is, after all, a specialized discipline and one that most people consider to be a “dismal science.” But it is totally irresponsible to have a loud and vociferous opinion on economic subjects while remaining in this state of ignorance.”

A contract is just transfer of title to property. People speak of “contracts” of employment far too loosely and imprecisely. The only “contract” that accompanies most employment relationships is the agreed-upon periodic transfer of employer-money if the employer performs certain services. That’s it. Now the employee usually works on the employer’s property, so the employer is giving the employee certain permissions (licenses) to use the employer’s property for certain purposes and in certain ways–to use the employer’s office building, computer, restrooms, etc.–until terminated.

Pinching is simply the use of someone’s body. Either it’s consented to, or it’s not. If it is, it’s not aggression. Period. If it’s not, it’s aggression.

Consent can be granted explicitly (say, in writing, or orally), or it can be implicit or tacit. It can be implied by the nature of the job, or context, for example. If a secretary consents, it’s not aggression. If she does not consent, it’s aggression. Whether she has consented is simply a factual question.

The point for our purposes is that there is nothing wrong with the boss in effect offering a hybrid job to a woman: since employment is at will, and she can be fired at any time for any reason, he can fire her and one second later, offer her a job back, but only if she agrees to the occasionally leer or fanny pat or even sex. If she refuses then, or later, to the sexual stuff, then he can terminate her, and this does not violate her rights. But if he gropers her after she has withdrawn consent, it’s battery, aggression.

So I think if you just keep a clear view of the nature of aggression and consent, this is not hard at all. Amateurs, statists, and unclear thinkers muddy the water, but it’s not difficult.

Sure, you can argue that the “default position,” especially for a secretary, is no pinching. The context and nature of the job of “secretary” implies that it’s not about sexual services, etc. Sure. That informs the question of whether consent was granted contextually or tacitly or implicitly, in the case of some kind of unwanted touching.

But as far as I can tell the point of Block’s original hypo (which I did not read in detail since it’s irrelevant) was to show that sexual harassment laws are illegitimate, which they are, since there are ways you can arrange the job so that it’s not aggression–a “hybrid” type of arrangement. Moreover, modern sexual harassment laws concern not only acts of aggression such as pinching, but firing someone on the grounds that they do not grant sexual favors–but such laws are not libertarian since it does not violate someone’s rights to fire them for any reason, so it cannot be a violation of rights to fire them on these grounds.

Someone posed to me this hypo:

I hire a secretary from California. She travels all the way to New Orleans to work for me. Whereupon I announce on her first day on the job that the job includes me pinching her. I think if I do that I’m guilty of fraud. I ought to be made to pay for her travel, relocation costs, at least.

I think this is a sloppy use of “fraud.” It’s not “fraud.” As for the payment of costs–I woud say this is part of an implicit contractual title transfer. But not fraud. I view fraud as a carefully defined concept that refers to obtaining possession of another’s property by some sort of deception or trick–theft by trick, in essence. Fraud, as a type of tort, cannot be retroactive. Either it is or is not fraud at the time of the act. So your later-pinching (or announcement about the change of the nature of the job) cannot go back in time and make previous acts fraudulent. And pinching is not fraud: it’s either aggression, or it’s not. It might trigger a contractual obligation on your part to refund her expenses, but that’s just a regular contractual title transfer–not fraud.

In sum: no one is entitled to a job; employment is at-will: you can quit any time, or be fired any time. So you are not entitled to a job offer, so a conditional one does not violate your rights: I offer you a job IF you will consent to my lechery, fondling, whatever. The candidate can accept or turn it down. Note that this is true even AFTER they start work for you, usually–since employment is at-will. So you can just fire her one second, and re-offer the job, with strings, the next second. Etc.

But, again, my friend asks:

I agree. Of course. However, you agreed with me that there was something untoward about making a woman an offer of a job as a secretary, she travels thousands of miles to get it, and then you announce the change in the job conditions. I think the woman has the right to expect that the default position is just the specifications discussed, say, on the phone interview: typing, filing, etc., but no sex.

My reply: Well, I think that she could bargain for a title transfer that says: IF you are messing with me, THEN you pay me $X. So it’s just a title transfer. And if this is not spelled out, it could be implied by context, custom, etc.

Suppose you make an offer and someone relocates to take the offer, and when they arrive you announce the terms are changed–what this simply means is you have fired the person and then offered to re-hire them on different terms. This does not violate anyone’s rights. It is possible of course that there was an implicit (or maybe explicit) accessory contractual term which said that IF you pull such shenanigans THEN you have to reimburse her costs and some damages–but again, this is purely a contract interpretation matter. I.e., it could be held that you have performed an action which triggers a contractual transfer of title. Laymen and mainstream lawyers would say you have breached the contract, but according to the Evers-Rothbard title transfer theory of contract, it’s more precise to say that you simply triggered an ancillary or accessory contractual title transfer.

Now all this assumes that this is the implicit agreement. But this means that the court finds this was the implicit agreement, as sort of a default rule, in the absence of an explicit agreement by the parties covering this situation. But parties who do not clearly specify how such situations are to be handled take a risk that the court might go against them in trying to figure out what the implicit contract is. So the court could go either way: the employee didn’t bargain for this title transfer, so it’s caveat employee. So, if they want this guarantee they can bargain for it. And of course, in a normal context if an employee asks the employer to agree to pay damages if the offer is revoked or substantially changed after the employee has incurred costs in reliance on the offer, the employer would have no reason not to agree to this since they do not intend to pull such shenanigans–and if they refuse to this term, that should alert the employee that trouble is brewing.

Left-libertarian talk about “hierarchies” and “state incorporation statutes” etc. do not change this fundamentally libertarian way of viewing sexual harassment.

For more discussion of these matters, see my article A Libertarian Theory of Contract: Title Transfer, Binding Promises, and Inalienability and my post The Problem with “Fraud”: Fraud, Threat, and Contract Breach as Types of Aggression.

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Latest notable terms from this week’s Slate Culture Gabfest and Slate Political Gabfest (feel free to email me suggestions or leave them in the comments to the main page):

  • epigrammatic [JT, SM, CG10-14-09]
  • perfervid [DP, PG10-16-09]
  • raconteur [DS, CG10-14-09]
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[From my Webnote series]

Related:

From: Another Problem with Legislation: James Carter v. the Field Codes, Mises Blog (Oct. 14, 2009) (archived comments below).

There is a fascinating paper published in 1884 by James C. Carter, The Proposed Codification of Our Common Law: A Paper Prepared at the Request of The Committee of the Bar Association of the City of New York, Appointed to Oppose the Measure. This paper was an attack on David Dudley Field’s attempt to (legislatively) codify New York’s common law. Carter opposed replacing case law with centralized legislation. Carter notes that caselaw precedents are flexible and allow the judge to do justice (see also John Hasnas’s classic The Myth of the Rule of Law), while statutes are applied literally, even where injustice is done or the legislator did not contemplate this result. Thus, Carter argues, one of the worst effects of legislatively codifying law–replacing organically developed law with artificial statutes–is that it changes the role of courts and judges from one in which the judge searches for justice into mere squabbles over definitions of words found in statutes.   As he said at pp. 86-86:

At present, when any doubt arises in any particular case as to what the true rule of the unwritten [i.e., judge-found, common-law developed] law is, it is at once assumed that the rule most in accordance with justice and sound policy is the one which must be declared to be the law.  The search is for that rule.  The appeal is squarely made to the highest considerations of morality and justice.  These are the rallying points of the struggle.  The contention is ennobling and beneficial to the advocates, to the judges, to the parties, to the auditors, and so indirectly to the whole community.  The decision then made records another step in the advance of human reason towards that perfection after which it forever aspires.  But when the law is conceded to be written down in a statute, and the only question is what the statute means, a contention unspeakably inferior is substituted.  The dispute is about words.  The question of what is right or wrong, just or unjust, is irrelevant and out of place.  The only question is what has been written.  What a wretched exchange for the manly encounter upon the elevated plane of principle!

[continue reading…]

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Hayek Oral History

This is great: the Hayek Oral History at UCLA: Nobel Prize-Winning Economist Friedrich A. von Hayek, Interviewed by Earlene Craver, Axel Leijonhufvud, Leo Rosten, Jack High, James Buchanan, Robert Bork, Thomas Hazlett, Armen A. Alchian, Robert Chitester, Completed under the auspices of the Oral History program University of California, Los Angeles (1983). But, the file is long and unwieldy. Here’s a local cache.

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Awful way to lose a football game

Awful way to lose a football game
A Michigan high school team blocks a late field goal and erupts in jubilation. » But they forget one thing

See also these: Amazing ending to a 1994 High School football game, Plano East down 41-17 with 3 minutes to go

Then there’s LSU v. Kentucky: The Bluegrass Miracle: The #1 Most Amazing Finish in Modern Football History:

And, of course, LSU’s Billy Cannon’s famous Halloween Run:

LSU Football causes an earthquake:

And this one: “It’s been nearly 16 years since Leon Lett taught the world to not touch the ball after a missed field goal. (Crap, I”m old.) Sadly, current high school kids were too young to learn that lesson.

A high school football game ended tragically this weekend, when a potential game-winning field by Jericho Mount Mansfield in Vermont—that’s the school, not the kicker’s name—fell very short and into the arms of a waiting Otter Valley player. Otter Valley had just finished a remarkable comeback to take a 2-point lead with 16 seconds left and the missed desperation field goal as time expired seemed to seal the deal.

Except the Otter Valley player took the ball on the fly, ran out of the end zone with his arms raised in celebration, then spiked the ball on the ground. As the former Dallas Cowboy could tell you, the play was not yet dead. An alert Mount Mansfield player scooped up the ball and ran into the end zone. Touchdown. Game over.

Why the coach put two players back to receive the kick may never be known, but we won’t name him or the player out or respect for their loved ones.

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Libertarian Wiki – Resource and Link Guide

For some time, I maintained a web page with libertarian links. Because it was hard to maintain and was based on only one man’s knowledge, I moved the content of this page to a wiki so that other members of the libertarian community can help collaborate to improve this list of resources. To help edit and improve the LibertarianGuide Wiki, first, join Wikispaces then join the LibertarianGuide Wiki.

The wiki is designed for libertarians–especially Austro-anarchist-libertarians. Feel free to encourage any libertarians you know to use or participate in the guide.

I also recently started The IP Policy Wiki, which collects various IP policy resources. There is also an Austrian Economics Wiki.

[Previous Mises blog post]

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Blackmail should be legal: the case of David Letterman

A New Yorker piece on blackmail and the David Letterman case shows how confused and fumbling are the attempts to justify blackmail law–the article quotes from various professors such as James Lindgren and Richard Epstein. None of their reasons are coherent. The article cites one proponent of blackmail legalization, Walter Block. Block has written several articles explaining why blackmail is not a genuine crime, including one co-authored with me. See the “Blackmail” section of his publications page.

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Austrian Economics and the Transaction Cost Approach to the Firm” by Nicolai J. Foss and Peter G. Klein, was published today in Libertarian Papers. The article discusses, inter alia, the work of Oliver Williamson, who was today named the winner, along with Elinor Ostrom, of the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2009 “for his analysis of economic governance, especially the boundaries of the firm.” Williamson was also Klein’s dissertation chair. Foss & Klein’s article discusses the links between Williamson’s work, the fields of transaction cost economics and organizational economics, and the Austrian school.  Other work by Klein related to this field includes his blog Organization and Markets, his classic Review of Austrian Economics article “Economic Calculation and the Limits of Organization,” and his chapter “Risk, Uncertainty, and Economic Organization,” in the recently-published festschrift, Property, Freedom, and Society: Essays in Honor of Hans-Hermann Hoppe.

[Mises cross-post]

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High School Senior’s Questions about IP

[From Mises blog, Dec. 7, 2007]

I received an impressive inquiry from a high school senior: “I am contacting you to ask if I can interview you for my senior project paper, which is a persuasive paper about why copyrights are invalid and impractical. I will have between 5-10 questions regarding intellectual property for you to answer.” I said sure; and she sent on her questions, which were:

1. What would you say is the most powerful argument against copyrights and patents?
2. What would you respond with to someone who argues that resources do not have to be finite or scarce in order to be allocated as property?
3. How would you respond to Lysander Spooner’s argument that property is wealth that is owned, and wealth includes ideas since they can be manifested into tangible wealth?
4. What about the argument that people own their minds, so they own the mental products?
5. Some anti-IP people believe in a right to first sell. Would you say that the original creators should have a right to sell the creation first? Why or why not?
6. What would you respond to someone who claims that if there were copies all around, the original inventor wouldn’t get as much profit as he should have?

My replies are below.

Question 1. What would you say is the most powerful argument against copyrights and patents?

As I elaborate in In Defense of Napster and Against the Second Homesteading Rule and Against Intellectual Property (both available here), humans need to use scarce or “rivalrous” resources — for example, tangible things like land or food or clothing — to survive. The nature of these things is that only one person can use or control the resource. Thus, there is a possibility of conflict over the use of these things. For people to live peacefully and productively in the world, we need to be able to find ways to use scarce resources without fighting over them. This means that each scarce good–each thing that might be the subject of conflict–is assigned one unique owner, someone with the exclusive right to control that resource. The rules for determining who is the owner have to be objective, fair, and just, in order to be generally accepted and serve the function of reducing conflict. It is for this reason that ownership is thus assigned to the person with the best claim to the thing in question–the most objective “link” to it. This is the libertarian-Lockean idea of “first use”–whoever first possesses or uses a thing–that is, establishes objective property “borders” with respect to the resource–is the owner. Any other rule is non-objective or arbitrary. For example, if the first user did not have the best claim to the resource, then whatever rule you use to assign property rights, property is not secure because some latecomer could just take it from the current owner. So any property assignment rule at all presupposes the first-user idea–the idea that an earlier user, ceteris paribus, has a better claim than any other user. Which implies the first user — the homesteader — has the best claim of all. Any other rule in effect violates the notion that latecomers have an inferior claim to earlier users. For example, a thief who steals property is in effect a latecomer. And mere verbal decree is not sufficient either, for one or two reasons: first, because (with respect to unowned resources), it’s not an objective use of the thing; it does not establish any visible link; and any number of people could make such a claim, in contradistinction to first possession, which can only be done by one person, and which is objective and visible; and second, because (with respect to already owned resources) this amounts to theft, or a latecomer ethic.

Now, given this understanding, we can see that any just and peaceful and prosperous society requires the assignment of ownership rights in scarce resources in accordance with the libertarian homesteading or “first use” principle. Now ideas — creative works protected by copyright or inventive designs or recipes or processes of patent law — are not scarce resources. Any number of people can have a copy of a song; or can use the same method or design, with their own bodies and property. To assign rights in such things–called “ideal objects”–means setting up enforceable claims in these intangible things–but force is a tangible, real thing that can only be applied to other real (scarce) things. In other words, because ideas are scarce, assigning rights in ideas necessarily is accomplished by assigning ownership rights in scarce resources. So, for example, the holder of a copyright to a novel has a partial ownership right over the bodies and tangible property of everyone else in the jurisdiction, because he can stop them from using their bodies or property in a certain way. The owner of the patent for a mousetrap can stop you from using your own body and wood and metal to make a mousetrap having a similar design to his patented design. But as we have seen above, recognizing such rights contradicts the only just and objective property assignment rule, since it overrides the ownership rights already established in already-owned things. I homestead property, and own it; then someone else acquires some rights to control my property merely by a decree of the state, in effect, merely by their thinking of a way to use their own property, which is not “first use” of the resources they now claim ownership of.

So, in short, the problem with patent and copyright is that it amounts to theft of rights to scarce resources.

Question 2. What would you respond with to someone who argues that resources do not have to be finite or scarce in order to be allocated as property?

Assigning rights to non-scarce things necessarily infringes on rights to scarce things, since IP rights are enforced with force, real force, in the real world, against real things. For example, the copyright holder can force the “infringer” to pay money to him; or can get an injunction forcing him to stop using his body and (scarce) property in a certain way. Assigning rights to non-scarce things acts much like inflation of the money supply does: the more you do it, the more you dilute and reduce the value of real property (money).

Question 3. How would you respond to Lysander Spooner’s argument that property is wealth that is owned, and wealth includes ideas since they can be manifested into tangible wealth?

Wealth is too nebulous a term to be used here and is unnecessary. It appears to mean value; but as Hoppe and Rothbard show, value is not ownable or owned. The owner of property has no property right in the object’s value, since its value lies in how others’ appraise it. (Hoppe argues this in his TSC, as I note in my Against IP article, at text at note 79.) See also Rothbard’s explanation for why there are no rights to one’s reputation–because a reputation is what others believe about you, and you don’t own their minds or opinions. (I think this is in Ethics of Liberty.)

Question 4. What about the argument that people own their minds, so they own the mental products?

This line of reasoning is based on the confusing notion that creation is an independent source of property rights. This error is similar to the confused idea that we own things we mix our labor with because we “own” our labor. We own — have the right to control — various scarce resources, such as our bodies and other scarce resources we homestead or acquire from previous homesteaders. We do not own “labor”; labor is just an action, an activity of the body. To be sure, when one first uses unowned property, and thereby homesteads it, he is engaging in a type of “labor”; but we do not need to rely on the confusing metaphor that we “own” our labor. By working to emborder or possess an unowned resource, one thereby establishes a visible link with the property, thus establishing a better claim than any latecomer, i.e. ownership. This chain of reasoning does not imply or rest on the idea that we “own” our labor.

As for creation, it is often maintained that one can acquire ownership of things by either finding (homesteading), contract (acquiring it from a previous owner), or by creating the thing. But this is confused: creation is not an independent source of ownership. In fact, a bit of reflection shows that it is neither necessary nor sufficient. If you own a resource and re-shape it into some new, more useful, more valuable configuration (say, you “create” a mousetrap using your wood and metal; or you “create” a statue by carving up your hunk of marble), then you own the resulting “creation” simply because you were already the owner of the material that constitutes it. So it is not necessary to think of creation as a “source” of ownership rights. Likewise, if you carve a statue into someone else’s property, then you do not own the resulting statue; rather, the owner of the marble is entitled to have his marble back, and perhaps damages for trespass. So creation is not sufficient for ownership either.

In fact, the only legitimate ways of acquiring title to a given scarce resource is to either homestead it from its unowned state, or to contractually acquire it from someone who already owns it and who can trace his title back to an original act of homesteading. This fully exhausts all ways of coming to own scarce things. This is because matter cannot be created by man, but only rearranged.

Now let me note one other thing. Rothbard explains in Ethics of Liberty why there is not really an independent right to free speech; there are only property rights. There is no “right” to free speech that gives you the right to speak on others’ property–you must have the consent of the owner. And if you own property, you can do whatever you want on it, including speak–not because you have a “right to free speech” but because you can do whatever you want with your own property so long as you do not invade others’ property rights.

So back to your question: we do not own the mental products of our mind for several reasons. First, owning one’s body, just as owning property gives you in effect a (derivative) right to speak on it, allows you to use it to do useful things, such as come up with ideas, or even sell your services, or labor. There is no need to engage in the confusing fiction or metaphor that you “own” your labor, or you “own” the “products” of your mind. Second, “products of the mind” is far too vague of a concept. It is so broad that if property rights were granted in them, they would swamp and override all real rights in real things. And finally, if the products of your mind are scarce, you presumably own them because they result from reworking material you already owned (if not, as in the stolen marble example, you do not own it at all, but someone else does). And if they are not scarce, they are not the subject of property, since granting property in them is impossible, and can only be accomplished by eroding property rights in others’ things.

Question 5. Some anti-IP people believe in a right to first sell. Would you say that the original creators should have a right to sell the creation first? Why or why not?

I believe you may be referring to the doctrine of common law copyright. As a practical matter, if you have an idea or manuscript, you can use this to leverage payment to reveal it. But if you are foolish enough to let the information become public, it is too late to do this. As Benjamin Tucker noted: “You want your invention to yourself? Then keep it to yourself.” (see on this Wendy McElroy, Copyright and Patent in Liberty).

Question 6. What would you respond to someone who claims that if there were copies all around, the original inventor wouldn’t get as much profit as he should have?

Austrian economics teaches us that values are subjective, and that the only way to determine an objective price is on the market. See on this Rothbard’s Utility and Welfare Economics, e.g. The only way to know how much profit someone “should” make is to see what people are willing to pay them for. Part of the market is the need to incur costs of exclusion. If you don’t put a lock on your business, people will steal it. If drive in movie theaters didn’t incur the cost of putting little speakers for each car, then people would free ride by watching it from outside. To decide whether a given endeavor is worthwhile, one must take all costs into account, including costs of exclusion. The more creative find ways to exclude that have a low enough cost and that exclude a sufficient number of free riders so that the business can be profitable. For those entrepreneurial plans that have too high a cost, they should not be engaged in. So we see people finding ways to profit from their ideas, given the free rider problem–so rock bands give away their music for free (it plays on the radio, e.g.) so they develop fans who will pay to see them play live in concert (but even here, there are costs of exclusion–the ticket selling and enforcement mechanism, say). Or television shows are broadcast for free and paid for by advertisting. And so on.

[Mises blog post; Against Monopoly cross-post]

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